Optimal. Leaf size=227 \[ \frac {55 a^3 c^6 \tanh ^{-1}(\sin (e+f x))}{128 f}-\frac {25 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{128 f}-\frac {15 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{64 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{24 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{16 f}-\frac {a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{6 f}-\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{8 f}+\frac {4 a^3 c^6 \tan ^7(e+f x)}{7 f}+\frac {a^3 c^6 \tan ^9(e+f x)}{9 f} \]
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Rubi [A]
time = 0.26, antiderivative size = 227, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps
used = 16, number of rules used = 7, integrand size = 32, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.219, Rules used = {4043, 2691,
3855, 2687, 30, 3853, 14} \begin {gather*} \frac {a^3 c^6 \tan ^9(e+f x)}{9 f}+\frac {4 a^3 c^6 \tan ^7(e+f x)}{7 f}+\frac {55 a^3 c^6 \tanh ^{-1}(\sin (e+f x))}{128 f}-\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \tan ^5(e+f x) \sec ^3(e+f x)}{8 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \tan ^3(e+f x) \sec ^3(e+f x)}{16 f}-\frac {15 a^3 c^6 \tan (e+f x) \sec ^3(e+f x)}{64 f}-\frac {a^3 c^6 \tan ^5(e+f x) \sec (e+f x)}{6 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \tan ^3(e+f x) \sec (e+f x)}{24 f}-\frac {25 a^3 c^6 \tan (e+f x) \sec (e+f x)}{128 f} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 14
Rule 30
Rule 2687
Rule 2691
Rule 3853
Rule 3855
Rule 4043
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \sec (e+f x) (a+a \sec (e+f x))^3 (c-c \sec (e+f x))^6 \, dx &=-\left (\left (a^3 c^3\right ) \int \left (c^3 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x)-3 c^3 \sec ^2(e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x)+3 c^3 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x)-c^3 \sec ^4(e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x)\right ) \, dx\right )\\ &=-\left (\left (a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec (e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x) \, dx\right )+\left (a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec ^4(e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x) \, dx+\left (3 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec ^2(e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x) \, dx-\left (3 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^6(e+f x) \, dx\\ &=-\frac {a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{6 f}-\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{8 f}+\frac {1}{6} \left (5 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec (e+f x) \tan ^4(e+f x) \, dx+\frac {1}{8} \left (15 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^4(e+f x) \, dx+\frac {\left (a^3 c^6\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int x^6 \left (1+x^2\right ) \, dx,x,\tan (e+f x)\right )}{f}+\frac {\left (3 a^3 c^6\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int x^6 \, dx,x,\tan (e+f x)\right )}{f}\\ &=\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{24 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{16 f}-\frac {a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{6 f}-\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{8 f}+\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \tan ^7(e+f x)}{7 f}-\frac {1}{8} \left (5 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec (e+f x) \tan ^2(e+f x) \, dx-\frac {1}{16} \left (15 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^2(e+f x) \, dx+\frac {\left (a^3 c^6\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \left (x^6+x^8\right ) \, dx,x,\tan (e+f x)\right )}{f}\\ &=-\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{16 f}-\frac {15 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{64 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{24 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{16 f}-\frac {a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{6 f}-\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{8 f}+\frac {4 a^3 c^6 \tan ^7(e+f x)}{7 f}+\frac {a^3 c^6 \tan ^9(e+f x)}{9 f}+\frac {1}{64} \left (15 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec ^3(e+f x) \, dx+\frac {1}{16} \left (5 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec (e+f x) \, dx\\ &=\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \tanh ^{-1}(\sin (e+f x))}{16 f}-\frac {25 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{128 f}-\frac {15 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{64 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{24 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{16 f}-\frac {a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{6 f}-\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{8 f}+\frac {4 a^3 c^6 \tan ^7(e+f x)}{7 f}+\frac {a^3 c^6 \tan ^9(e+f x)}{9 f}+\frac {1}{128} \left (15 a^3 c^6\right ) \int \sec (e+f x) \, dx\\ &=\frac {55 a^3 c^6 \tanh ^{-1}(\sin (e+f x))}{128 f}-\frac {25 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{128 f}-\frac {15 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan (e+f x)}{64 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{24 f}+\frac {5 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^3(e+f x)}{16 f}-\frac {a^3 c^6 \sec (e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{6 f}-\frac {3 a^3 c^6 \sec ^3(e+f x) \tan ^5(e+f x)}{8 f}+\frac {4 a^3 c^6 \tan ^7(e+f x)}{7 f}+\frac {a^3 c^6 \tan ^9(e+f x)}{9 f}\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [A]
time = 3.26, size = 122, normalized size = 0.54 \begin {gather*} \frac {a^3 c^6 \left (443520 \tanh ^{-1}(\sin (e+f x))-\sec ^9(e+f x) (-88704 \sin (e+f x)+88074 \sin (2 (e+f x))+37632 \sin (3 (e+f x))-2142 \sin (4 (e+f x))+2304 \sin (5 (e+f x))+39858 \sin (6 (e+f x))-7488 \sin (7 (e+f x))+4599 \sin (8 (e+f x))+1856 \sin (9 (e+f x)))\right )}{1032192 f} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [A]
time = 0.35, size = 345, normalized size = 1.52
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {i a^{3} c^{6} \left (4599 \,{\mathrm e}^{17 i \left (f x +e \right )}-24192 \,{\mathrm e}^{16 i \left (f x +e \right )}+39858 \,{\mathrm e}^{15 i \left (f x +e \right )}-64512 \,{\mathrm e}^{14 i \left (f x +e \right )}-2142 \,{\mathrm e}^{13 i \left (f x +e \right )}-118272 \,{\mathrm e}^{12 i \left (f x +e \right )}+88074 \,{\mathrm e}^{11 i \left (f x +e \right )}-322560 \,{\mathrm e}^{10 i \left (f x +e \right )}-145152 \,{\mathrm e}^{8 i \left (f x +e \right )}-88074 \,{\mathrm e}^{7 i \left (f x +e \right )}-193536 \,{\mathrm e}^{6 i \left (f x +e \right )}+2142 \,{\mathrm e}^{5 i \left (f x +e \right )}-69120 \,{\mathrm e}^{4 i \left (f x +e \right )}-39858 \,{\mathrm e}^{3 i \left (f x +e \right )}-9216 \,{\mathrm e}^{2 i \left (f x +e \right )}-4599 \,{\mathrm e}^{i \left (f x +e \right )}-3712\right )}{4032 f \left ({\mathrm e}^{2 i \left (f x +e \right )}+1\right )^{9}}-\frac {55 a^{3} c^{6} \ln \left ({\mathrm e}^{i \left (f x +e \right )}-i\right )}{128 f}+\frac {55 a^{3} c^{6} \ln \left ({\mathrm e}^{i \left (f x +e \right )}+i\right )}{128 f}\) | \(253\) |
derivativedivides | \(\frac {-a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\frac {128}{315}-\frac {\left (\sec ^{8}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{9}-\frac {8 \left (\sec ^{6}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{63}-\frac {16 \left (\sec ^{4}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{105}-\frac {64 \left (\sec ^{2}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{315}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )-3 a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (f x +e \right )+a^{3} c^{6} \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )+8 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\left (-\frac {\left (\sec ^{5}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{6}-\frac {5 \left (\sec ^{3}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{24}-\frac {5 \sec \left (f x +e \right )}{16}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )+\frac {5 \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )}{16}\right )+6 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\frac {8}{15}-\frac {\left (\sec ^{4}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{5}-\frac {4 \left (\sec ^{2}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{15}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )-6 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\left (-\frac {\left (\sec ^{3}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{4}-\frac {3 \sec \left (f x +e \right )}{8}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )+\frac {3 \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )}{8}\right )-8 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\frac {2}{3}-\frac {\left (\sec ^{2}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{3}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )-3 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\left (-\frac {\left (\sec ^{7}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{8}-\frac {7 \left (\sec ^{5}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{48}-\frac {35 \left (\sec ^{3}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{192}-\frac {35 \sec \left (f x +e \right )}{128}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )+\frac {35 \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )}{128}\right )}{f}\) | \(345\) |
default | \(\frac {-a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\frac {128}{315}-\frac {\left (\sec ^{8}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{9}-\frac {8 \left (\sec ^{6}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{63}-\frac {16 \left (\sec ^{4}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{105}-\frac {64 \left (\sec ^{2}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{315}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )-3 a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (f x +e \right )+a^{3} c^{6} \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )+8 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\left (-\frac {\left (\sec ^{5}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{6}-\frac {5 \left (\sec ^{3}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{24}-\frac {5 \sec \left (f x +e \right )}{16}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )+\frac {5 \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )}{16}\right )+6 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\frac {8}{15}-\frac {\left (\sec ^{4}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{5}-\frac {4 \left (\sec ^{2}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{15}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )-6 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\left (-\frac {\left (\sec ^{3}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{4}-\frac {3 \sec \left (f x +e \right )}{8}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )+\frac {3 \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )}{8}\right )-8 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\frac {2}{3}-\frac {\left (\sec ^{2}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{3}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )-3 a^{3} c^{6} \left (-\left (-\frac {\left (\sec ^{7}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{8}-\frac {7 \left (\sec ^{5}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{48}-\frac {35 \left (\sec ^{3}\left (f x +e \right )\right )}{192}-\frac {35 \sec \left (f x +e \right )}{128}\right ) \tan \left (f x +e \right )+\frac {35 \ln \left (\sec \left (f x +e \right )+\tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )}{128}\right )}{f}\) | \(345\) |
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [B] Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 480 vs.
\(2 (224) = 448\).
time = 0.28, size = 480, normalized size = 2.11 \begin {gather*} \frac {256 \, {\left (35 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )^{9} + 180 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )^{7} + 378 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )^{5} + 420 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )^{3} + 315 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )\right )} a^{3} c^{6} - 32256 \, {\left (3 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )^{5} + 10 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )^{3} + 15 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )\right )} a^{3} c^{6} + 215040 \, {\left (\tan \left (f x + e\right )^{3} + 3 \, \tan \left (f x + e\right )\right )} a^{3} c^{6} + 315 \, a^{3} c^{6} {\left (\frac {2 \, {\left (105 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{7} - 385 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{5} + 511 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{3} - 279 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )\right )}}{\sin \left (f x + e\right )^{8} - 4 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{6} + 6 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{4} - 4 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + 1} - 105 \, \log \left (\sin \left (f x + e\right ) + 1\right ) + 105 \, \log \left (\sin \left (f x + e\right ) - 1\right )\right )} - 6720 \, a^{3} c^{6} {\left (\frac {2 \, {\left (15 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{5} - 40 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{3} + 33 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )\right )}}{\sin \left (f x + e\right )^{6} - 3 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{4} + 3 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{2} - 1} - 15 \, \log \left (\sin \left (f x + e\right ) + 1\right ) + 15 \, \log \left (\sin \left (f x + e\right ) - 1\right )\right )} + 30240 \, a^{3} c^{6} {\left (\frac {2 \, {\left (3 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{3} - 5 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )\right )}}{\sin \left (f x + e\right )^{4} - 2 \, \sin \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + 1} - 3 \, \log \left (\sin \left (f x + e\right ) + 1\right ) + 3 \, \log \left (\sin \left (f x + e\right ) - 1\right )\right )} + 80640 \, a^{3} c^{6} \log \left (\sec \left (f x + e\right ) + \tan \left (f x + e\right )\right ) - 241920 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (f x + e\right )}{80640 \, f} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [A]
time = 2.48, size = 223, normalized size = 0.98 \begin {gather*} \frac {3465 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{9} \log \left (\sin \left (f x + e\right ) + 1\right ) - 3465 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{9} \log \left (-\sin \left (f x + e\right ) + 1\right ) - 2 \, {\left (3712 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{8} + 4599 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{7} - 10240 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{6} + 3066 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{5} + 8448 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{4} - 7224 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{3} - 1024 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + 3024 \, a^{3} c^{6} \cos \left (f x + e\right ) - 896 \, a^{3} c^{6}\right )} \sin \left (f x + e\right )}{16128 \, f \cos \left (f x + e\right )^{9}} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} a^{3} c^{6} \left (\int \sec {\left (e + f x \right )}\, dx + \int \left (- 3 \sec ^{2}{\left (e + f x \right )}\right )\, dx + \int 8 \sec ^{4}{\left (e + f x \right )}\, dx + \int \left (- 6 \sec ^{5}{\left (e + f x \right )}\right )\, dx + \int \left (- 6 \sec ^{6}{\left (e + f x \right )}\right )\, dx + \int 8 \sec ^{7}{\left (e + f x \right )}\, dx + \int \left (- 3 \sec ^{9}{\left (e + f x \right )}\right )\, dx + \int \sec ^{10}{\left (e + f x \right )}\, dx\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [A]
time = 0.63, size = 235, normalized size = 1.04 \begin {gather*} \frac {3465 \, a^{3} c^{6} \log \left ({\left | \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right ) + 1 \right |}\right ) - 3465 \, a^{3} c^{6} \log \left ({\left | \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right ) - 1 \right |}\right ) - \frac {2 \, {\left (3465 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{17} - 30030 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{15} + 115038 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{13} + 334602 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{11} - 360448 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{9} + 255222 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{7} - 115038 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{5} + 30030 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{3} - 3465 \, a^{3} c^{6} \tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )\right )}}{{\left (\tan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, f x + \frac {1}{2} \, e\right )^{2} - 1\right )}^{9}}}{8064 \, f} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Mupad [B]
time = 5.58, size = 316, normalized size = 1.39 \begin {gather*} \frac {55\,a^3\,c^6\,\mathrm {atanh}\left (\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )\right )}{64\,f}-\frac {\frac {55\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{17}}{64}-\frac {715\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{15}}{96}+\frac {913\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{13}}{32}+\frac {18589\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{11}}{224}-\frac {5632\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^9}{63}+\frac {14179\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^7}{224}-\frac {913\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^5}{32}+\frac {715\,a^3\,c^6\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^3}{96}-\frac {55\,a^3\,c^6\,\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}{64}}{f\,\left ({\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{18}-9\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{16}+36\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{14}-84\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{12}+126\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^{10}-126\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^8+84\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^6-36\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^4+9\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (\frac {e}{2}+\frac {f\,x}{2}\right )}^2-1\right )} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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